
马铃薯乙肝疫苗人体试验成功
美国州立亚利桑那大学生物学家Charles Arntzen及其同事培育出了一种无需冷藏、可以食用的乙肝疫苗土豆。临床试验中,33人中有19人在吃土豆后体内产生了更多的乙肝抗体,有关报告发表在美国《国家科学院学报》(PNAS)上。Arntzen和同事们正专注于研究含疫苗的转基因西红柿,并试图将其制成药丸。
美国科学家最近培育出一种转基因土豆,能起到乙肝疫苗的作用。这一成果可能对发展中国家的乙肝防治工作有所帮助。
乙肝病毒侵害肝脏,每年在全世界夺去约50万人的生命。但传统乙肝疫苗需要冷藏,这在发展中国家的边远地区很难做到。此外,医务人员也经常需要花精力去判断,价格不菲的乙肝疫苗是否在运输过程中因意外受热而失效。美国州立亚利桑那大学生物学家查尔斯·阿恩岑及其同事培育出了一种无需冷藏、可以食用的乙肝疫苗土豆,解决了这一问题。他们从乙肝病毒中取出一个基因,将其植入土豆植株,使土豆中产生病毒抗原。人吃下这种土豆后,抗原蛋白会触发人体的免疫反应,产生乙肝抗体抵抗乙肝病毒。
临床试验中,参与试验者在过去1到15年间都接受过乙肝疫苗初次接种。结果显示,33人中有19人在吃土豆后体内产生了更多的乙肝抗体,其中一人的抗体水平上升了56倍。阿恩岑等人在新一期美国《国家科学院学报》上报告了他们的试验结果。
研究人员介绍说,土豆疫苗在近60%的试验对象身上发挥作用,效果相当理想。英国伦敦圣乔治医院医学院的免疫学家朱莉安·马说,这种转基因土豆虽然还不能替代乙肝疫苗的初次接种,但它能取代后期用以维持免疫力的多次重复注射,“有可能对全球健康产生重大影响”。
Andy Coghlan/New Scientist
Genetically engineered potatoes containing a hepatitis B vaccine have successfully boosted immunity in their first human trials.
But the newly-published study missed a moving target - drug developers are now abandoning their quest for vaccines contained in staple foods like bananas, tomatoes or potatoes.
The hope was that the altered foods would provide a cheap source of vaccines that could be grown and administered in poorer countries without the need for costly refrigeration or needle injections. However, developers have changed tack to avoid any possibility of vaccine-laden food straying into shops or markets. If this occurred, it could be unwittingly eaten by consumers, with unpredictable results.
Instead, developers are now focusing on making vaccines in the safely edible leaves of plants not on sale as food.
"We've not worked with potatoes for two years now," says Charles Arntzen at Arizona State University in Tempe, US, who led the potato study and is a veteran of the decade-long bid to produce GM vaccines in foods. "We don't say 'edible' vaccine any more - we say 'heat-stable oral vaccines'."
Ground-up leaves
Arntzen and his colleagues have remained focused on making oral vaccines, but this time using ground-up leaf tissues, administered in gelatine capsules - the same format as conventional pharmaceuticals.
"We're doing all the animal studies now," says Arntzen. A number of plants are being investigated, but the best results so far have been in Nicotiana benthamiana, a relative of tobacco already widely used in research, but previously not eaten. "There's no edible use of it at all," he says.
The leaves are harvested, washed, ground-up and freeze-dried for preservation before packaging in capsules. The freeze-drying means they survive in hot climates, avoiding the need for refrigeration which hampers delivery of conventional, heat-sensitive vaccines.
The approach also means that the vaccine can be delivered in uniform doses, making it more likely to win approval from regulators.
Finely-chopped chunks
Despite abandoning the potatoes, Arntzen says he is proud of the results, and that they support the principle of oral vaccination.
In the study, the volunteers all ate finely-chopped chunks of raw potato. Some ate potatoes in which a major surface protein of the hepatitis B virus had been produced, while others received unaltered potatoes.
More than 60% of the volunteers who had three doses of the vaccine made a large number of extra antibodies against the viral protein, as did 53% on two doses. None of the volunteers eating ordinary potato generated new antibodies.
But all the recipients had previously received a conventional hepatitis B vaccine, so the potato vaccine was simply boosting immunity that was already present.
Sterner test
Arntzen acknowledges that giving the vaccine to unvaccinated volunteers would have been a much sterner test. But he claims that the results seen are still stunning with an oral vaccine consisting of only a protein. The only other effective oral vaccine is the one for polio, but that is a live, weakened form of the virus itself.
Additionally, an immune system stimulator usually administered with a vaccine was not given. All this bodes well for the leaf-based oral vaccines now in development, he says.
"We are very interested in the approach, and these results are very encouraging," says Martin Friede at the World Health Organization's Initiative for Vaccine Research. "But we are still far from knowing if this approach will eventually produce safe and efficacious vaccines for humans."
For example, Friede told New Scientist, "the number of non-responders is much higher than that observed with the conventional vaccine".
Journal reference: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0409899102)
转基因土豆防乙肝(三思科学报道)
美国科学家培育出一种转基因土豆,它可能起到乙肝疫苗的作用,这对发展中国家来说是一个好消息。
乙肝病毒侵袭肝脏,每年夺去约50万人生命。但传统的疫苗需要冷藏,这在气候温暖的发展中国家边远地区很难做到。医疗工作人员经常还必须艰难地判断,价格不菲的乙肝疫苗是否在运输过程中因意外受热而失效。
为此,美国亚利桑那大学的生物学家Charles Arntzen及其同事设计了一种无需冷藏的、可以吃的疫苗——土豆。他们从乙肝病毒中取出一个基因,植入土豆植株,后者因此产生病毒抗原。人吃下这种土豆后,抗原蛋白质会触发人体免疫反应,对抗乙肝病毒。
研究小组说,尽管这一方法不太可能取代初次免疫注射,但可以代替后期维持免疫力的重复注射。伦敦圣乔治医院医学院的免疫学家Julian Ma说:“它有潜力对全球健康带来重大影响。”
超级土豆
在Arntzen及其同事用这种转基因土豆进行的试验中,参与试验者在过去1到15年间已接受过乙肝疫苗初次注射。结果显示,33位参与试验者中有19位在吃下土豆后产生了更多乙肝抗体,其中一人的抗体水平上升了56倍。有关报告发表在美国《国家科学院学报》(PNAS)上。
土豆疫苗在60%的参与试验者身上发挥效用,这是一个好消息。研究者解释说,即使是含有特殊物质以吸引免疫细胞、增强免疫反应的商业化疫苗,有效率也达不到10%。
取得进展的过程
Arntzen小组已经将两种其它疫苗结合到土豆中,一种针对大肠杆菌引起的旅游腹泻,一种诺沃克因子导致的肠型流感。
“我们非常高兴,”Arntzen说,“总有怀疑者说这样做是不行的,但我们解决了所有这些问题。”与大肠杆菌和诺沃克因子不同,乙肝病毒并未进化到能在肠道中生存,因此这种新型疫苗取得成功格外令人吃惊:如果土豆里的乙肝疫苗要作用于免疫系统、产生效果,它必须先通过消化道的考验。
不过,生土豆不算是一种让人很有胃口的食物,而且里面的疫苗含量不太稳定。为此,Arntzen和同事们正专注于研究含疫苗的转基因西红柿,并试图将其制成药丸。他说:“希望我们再也不需要用未加处理的材料进行人体临床试验。”
最近,美国科学家培育出一种转基因土豆,它可能起到乙肝疫苗的作用。
吃土豆当是打疫苗
乙肝病毒侵袭肝脏,每年夺去约50万人生命。由于传统疫苗需要冷藏,在一些边远地区很难应用。为此,美国亚利桑那大学的生物学家CharlesArntzen及其同事设计了一种无需冷藏的、可以吃的疫苗——土豆。他们从乙肝病毒中取出一个基因,植入土豆植株,后者因此产生病毒抗原。人吃下这种土豆后,抗原蛋白质会触发人体免疫反应,对抗乙肝病毒。
研究小组说,尽管这一方法不太可能取代初次免疫注射,但可以代替后期维持免疫力的重复注射。伦敦圣乔治医院医学院的免疫学家JulianMa说:“它可能对全球健康带来重大影响。”
对六成志愿者有效
在Arntzen及其同事用这种转基因土豆进行的试验中,参与试验者在过去1到15年间已接受过乙肝疫苗初次注射。结果显示,33名参与试验者中有19名在吃下土豆后产生了更多乙肝抗体,其中一人的抗体水平上升了56倍。有关报告发表在美国《国家科学院学报》(PNAS)上。
土豆疫苗在60%的参与试验者身上发挥效用,这是一个好消息。研究者解释说,即使是含有特殊物质以吸引免疫细胞、增强免疫反应的商业化疫苗,有效率也达不到10%。
将来会做成药丸
Arntzen小组已经将两种其它疫苗结合到土豆中,一种针对大肠杆菌引起的旅游腹泻,一种诺沃克因子导致的肠型流感。与大肠杆菌和诺沃克因子不同,乙肝病毒不能在肠道中生存,而这种新型疫苗则顺利地通过了消化道,可作用于人体的免疫系统并产生效果。
不过,生土豆不算是一种让人很有胃口的食物,而且里面的疫苗含量不太稳定。为此,Arntzen和同事们正专注于研究含疫苗的转基因西红柿,并试图将其制成药丸。Arntzen说:“希望我们再也不需要用未加处理的转基因土豆来进行人体临床试验了。”
Potatoes pack a punch against hepatitis B
Roxanne Khamsi(nature)
Genetically modified potatoes can deliver the disease protection that normally comes from a vaccine shot, say scientists, which could be good news for developing nations.
The hepatitis B virus attacks the liver and claims the lives of more than half a million people each year. But conventional vaccines require cold storage, which can be hard to guarantee in the remote areas of developing countries with warm climates. And medical workers often have a tough time determining whether a delivery of the relatively costly hepatitis B vaccine has received accidental exposure to heat, rendering it ineffective, says biologist Charles Arntzen of Arizona State University in Tempe, who worked on the research.
So Arntzen and his colleagues have designed an edible vaccine that can be stored without refrigeration inside a humble potato. They took a gene out of the hepatitis B virus and incorporated it in the potato plant, which responded by producing the virus antigen. Once ingested, this antigen protein creates an immune response in the human body that acts as a booster shot against the hepatitis B virus.
The team says that although this approach is unlikely to supersede initial vaccinations, it could replace the repeated booster injections needed to maintain immunity. "This has the potential for a big impact on global health," says immunologist Julian Ma of St George's Hospital Medical School in London.
An edible vaccine would reduce the need for needles and make it simpler to administer on multiple occasions. This gives it an advantage over the full vaccination programme, which involves a series of three injections given over many months.
Super spuds
Participants in the study had already received the primary injections against hepatitis B between 1 and 15 years ago. Arntzen and his colleagues found that 19 of the 33 people in their study produced more antibodies against hepatitis B after eating the potatoes. One subject's protective antibodies increased 56-fold, the team reports in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences1.
The fact that the vaccine worked in nearly 60% of the participants came as good news. The researchers explain that even the commercial vaccine, which contains an extra ingredient that attracts immune cells to boost the body's response, does not work in 10% of subjects.
Process for progress
Arntzen's team have already incorporated two other vaccines into potatoes: one against a disease commonly known as travellers' diarrhoea, caused by toxin-producing Escherichia coli bacteria, and another against the Norwalk virus, which causes an intestinal illness.
"We've been delighted," says Arntzen. "We keep encountering cynics who say this won't work and so far we've solved all the problems," he says. Unlike travellers' diarrhoea and the Norwalk virus, the hepatitis B virus did not evolve to survive in the gut, which makes the success of this edible vaccine all the more surprising. For the hepatitis B vaccine to work, it must survive digestion before acting on the immune system.
But raw potatoes do not make an appetising dish and they contain relatively inconsistent vaccine doses. For this reason Arntzen and his colleagues are focusing on making genetically modified tomatoes and converting them into pills. "I expect we will never do another human clinical trial with unprocessed materials," he says.
